The concluding panel will step back from the preceding discussions to consider federalism’s broader relevance today. It will synthesize insights from the conference’s four themes—fragility, climate action, fiscal relations, and technology—to assess federalism’s contemporary utility. Rather than prescribing fixes, panelists will reflect on lessons, tensions, and possibilities that surfaced throughout the conference offering guidance for policymakers on when federal solutions fit best—and how to implement them pragmatically.